Analysis and Comparison of Extendible Hashing and B+ Trees Access Methods

This thesis Is a discussion and evaluation of both extendible hashing and B+ tree. The study Includes a design and lmplementatlon under the UNIX system. Comparisons and analysis are made using empirical results.Computing and Information Scienc

Učinak pretkondicioniranja piperinom na farmakokinetiku peroralno primijenjenog marbofloksacina u štakora

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of piperine pre-conditioning on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in Wistar rats. Marbofloxacin was administrated at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight alone, and along with piperine pre-conditioning at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight, orally for 5 days in Wistar rats. The mean values of the half-life (t1⁄2β), maximum drug concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were 1.19 ± 0.17 h, 2.71 ± 0.09 μg/mL and 12.25 ± 0.77 μg.h/mL, respectively, in piperine pretreated rats. The values were significantly higher than the values observed in rats administered with marbofloxacin alone (1.12 ± 0.31 h, 2.28 ± 0.20 μg/mL and 9.24 ± 0.59 μg.h/mL, respectively). The drug clearance (ClB) in piperine pretreated rats was 0.04 ± 0.02 L/h/kg, which was significantly lower than the clearance rate of the drug (0.53 ± 0.03 L/h/kg) in the animals administered with marbofloxacin alone. The study reveals that piperine has a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin, which may be due to an increase in the drug absorption and inhibition of elimination of the drug in rats.U ovom je radu istražen učinak pretkondicioniranja piperinom na farmakokinetiku marbofloksacina Wistar štakora. Marbofloksacin je apliciran u dozi od 5 mg/kg tjelesne mase peroralno, samostalno i nakon pretkondicioniranja piperinom u dozi od 10 mg/kg tjelesne mase peroralno tijekom 5 dana. U štakora tretiranih piperinom prosječne vrijednosti poluživota (t1⁄2β) bile su 1,19 ± 0,17 h, maksimalna koncentracija lijeka (Cmax) 2,71 ± 0,09 μg/mL, a površina ispod krivulje (AUC) 12,25 ± 0,77 μg.h/mL. Navedene vrijednosti bile su znakovito više od onih utvrđenih u štakora tretiranih samo marbofloksacin (1,12 ± 0,31 h, 2,28 ± 0,20 μg/mL i 9,24 ± 0,59 μg.h/mL). Klirens lijeka (ClB) u štakora tretiranih piperinom bio je 0,04 ± 0,02 L/h/kg što je bilo znakovito niže od klirensa lijeka (0,53 ± 0,03 L/h/ kg) u životinja koje su dobivale samo marbofloksacin. Ovo istraživanje pokazuje da piperin znakovito utječe na farmakokinetiku marbofloksacina, što može biti posljedica povećane apsorpcije lijeka i inhibicije uklanjanja lijeka u štakora

Farmakokinetika ceftriaksona u teladi

The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone was determined after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg in crossbred cow calves. The drug concentration in plasma was quantified through High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV detection. Following intravenous administration the drug was rapidly distributed (t1/2α: 0.13 ± 0.01 h; Vd(area); 0.44 ± 0.07 L/kg) and eliminated (t1/2β: 1.58 ± 0.06 h) from the body with a clearance rate of 3.15 ± 0.41 mL/min/kg. Following intramuscular administration, the peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax) was 15.34 ± 2.39 μg/mL at 0.25 hours (Tmax) suggesting very rapid absorption. The drug was extensively distributed (Vd(area): 1.16 ± 0.15 L/kg) and slowly eliminated (t1/2β: 5.02 ± 0.51 hours; Cl(B): 2.71 ± 0.29 mL/min/kg) following intramuscular administration. The absolute bioavailability of ceftriaxone was 47.0 ± 5.0% following intramuscular injection. However, it can be used at a dosage of 10 mg/kg intramuscularly, repeated at twelve-hourly intervals, for the treatment of susceptible bacteria infections in calves.Farmakokinetika ceftriaksona određivana je u križane teladi nakon njegove jednokratne intravenske i intramuskularne primjene u dozi od 10 mg/kg. Koncentracija lijeka u plazmi određivana je tekućinskom kromatografifi jom visokog učinka s UV zrakama. Raspodjela lijeka bila je brza nakon intravenske primjene (t1/2α: 0,13 ± 0,01 h; Vd(area): 0,44 ± 0,07 L/kg), a izlučivanje (t1/2β: 1,58 ± 0,06 h) iz tijela s klirensom od 3,15 ± 0,41 mL/min/kg. Nakon intramuskularne primjene vršna koncentracija u plazmi iznosila je (Cmax) 15,34 ± 2,39 μg/mL tijekom 0,25 sati (Tmax) što upućuje na vrlo brzu apsorpciju. Raspodjela lijeka bila je izrazito dobra (Vd(area) 1,16 ± 0,15 L/kg), a izlučivanje sporo (t1/2β: 5,02 ± 0,51 sati; Cl(B): 2,71 ± 0,29 mL/min/kg) nakon intramuskularne primjene. Apsolutna biološka raspoloživost nakon intramuskularne primjene ceftriaksona iznosila je 47,0 ± 5,0%. Međutim, on se može rabiti u dozi od 10 mg/kg i.m. te ponavljati u razmacima od 12 sati radi liječenja bakterijskih zaraza u teladi

Manure microbial communities and resistance profiles reconfigure after transition to manure pits and differ from those in fertilized field soil

In agricultural settings, microbes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) have the potential to be transferred across diverse environments and ecosystems. The consequences of these microbial transfers are unclear and understudied. On dairy farms, the storage of cow manure in manure pits and subsequent application to field soil as a fertilizer may facilitate the spread of the mammalian gut microbiome and its associated ARGs to the environment. To determine the extent of both taxonomic and resistance similarity during these transitions, we collected fresh manure, manure from pits, and field soil across 15 different dairy farms for three consecutive seasons. We used a combination of shotgun metagenomic sequencing and functional metagenomics to quantitatively interrogate taxonomic and ARG compositional variation on farms. We found that as the microbiome transitions from fresh dairy cow manure to manure pits, microbial taxonomic compositions and resistance profiles experience distinct restructuring, including decreases in alpha diversity and shifts in specific ARG abundances that potentially correspond to fresh manure going from a gut-structured community to an environment-structured community. Further, we did not find evidence of shared microbial community or a transfer of ARGs between manure and field soil microbiomes. Our results suggest that fresh manure experiences a compositional change in manure pits during storage and that the storage of manure in manure pits does not result in a depletion of ARGs. We did not find evidence of taxonomic or ARG restructuring of soil microbiota with the application of manure to field soils, as soil communities remained resilient to manure-induced perturbation

Evaluation of effects of <em>Opuntia elatior</em> Mill. fruit juice and quercetin on biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in diabetic rats

576-583The present study was carried out to evaluate safety profile following administration of Opuntia elatior Mill. fruit juice (OEFJ) and quercetin for 28 days in diabetic rats. OEFJ (4 mL/kg p.o. for 28 days) and quercetin (50 mg/kg p.o. for 28 days) treatment shown restoring effect on haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count in diabetic rats. Alterations in levels of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase observed in diabetic rats which were restored to normal level when diabetic rats were treated with OEFJ and quercetin alone and in combination. The mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, BUN and ALP were found unaltered in all groups. Damage induced by streptozotocin in pancreas, liver and kidney were lesser compared to diabetic control group when rats were treated with OEFJ and quercetin. However, no appreciable histopathological lesions have been observed in the spleen, heart, lung and intestine of rats in all treatment groups. In conclusion, Opintia elatior Mill. fruit juice have shown protective effect against alterations in biochemical parameters and pathological lesions of pancreas and liver in diabetic rats